The utility of Ayurveda is help to maintain the health of healthy individual and cure the disease of sick persons. The system of Ayurvedic medicine have practiced the tridosha siddhanta (Vata, Pitta and Kapha) to cure diseases. According to Acharyas ‘the pathogenesis of all disease is ultimatly the vitiation of doshas. Doshaprakopa occurs by two different ways that is Swatantra doshprakopa or Paratantra doshaprakopa. Present article is about understanding the concept of Paratantra doshaprakopa by reviewing Charaka Samhita and its commentary to successfully treating the disease which are described in Ayurvedic Samhitas and as well as modern disease which are anukta.  

Keywords  Swatantra doshprakopa, paratantra doshaprakopa 

Introduction: 

The utility of Ayurveda is help to maintain the health of healthy individual and cure the disease of sick persons.(1) The system of ayurvedic medicine have practiced the tridosha siddhanta  ( Vata, Pitta and  Kapha) to cure diseases. These Vata, Pitta and Kapha are continuously moving in entire body and thus produce good and bad consequences in the entire body when non-aggravated or aggravated. In the state of normalcy good consequences like development (Upachaya), strength (Bala), complexion (Varna) and cheerfulness (Utsaha) are found. While in that of abnormality they cause bad consequences known as disease (Vikara). (2) According to Acharyas ‘the pathogenesis of all disease is ultimatly the vitiation of doshas.(3)  

Acharya Charaka has emphasized on the fact that before the planning of any treatment, the correct diagnosis of disease is very essential.(4) The correct diagnosis and successful treatment of disease is dependent mainly on taking into consideration of variations in conditions of doshas, drugs, place, time, strength, body, diet, suitability, mind pattern, constitution and age.(5) Any procedure which brings the vitiated Dhatus (dosha, dhatu and mala) to normalcy is called treatment which is the prime aim of a Vaidya.(6) In ayurvedic medicine one of the treatment principle is Samanya vishesh sidhhant which translates as ‘equal qualities leads to increase and opposing qualities leads to decrease in body elements, both these effects are produced by their application on body’.(7)Hence treatment of doshaprakopa is to give the medicine which have opposite qualities to that of vitiated doshas. But this rule is not applicable universally because in case of disorders where the sign and symptoms are not exactaly in accordance with the causes due to various causative factors operating leading to different etiopathogenesis.  

In case of Ruddhapatha kamala the aggravation of vata infiltrated with kapha cause the displacement of pitta from its site results in development of yellow coloured eyes skin and urine and white colour (sesame paste) of stool.(8) Here most of the sign symptoms give us impression of vitiated pitta but it is vitiated kapha dosha which is obstructing the normal pitta flow and causing the normal pitta to spread all over body. Here if we pay attention to the white colour stool we can conclude that pitta is not there in stool so there must be obstruction in the path of pitta leading to its spread in whole body. Ignoring this fact if we are treating pitta dosha by giving some drugs which are of opposite qualities of pitta (snigdh, sheeta and manda gunayukt) then we would be increasing kapha and eventually aggravating or worsening the condition. If we consider the white stool sign that gives idea about obstructive pathology and to treat kapha we will treat the condition easily. Here the kapha dosha is aggravated primarily and this aggravated Kapha leads to the secondary spread of pitta due to obstruction.(9) To determine if the dosha involvement is either primary or secondary Acharya Charaka has given signs of Swatatra (anubandhya) doshaprakop and Paratantra (anubandha) doshaprakopa in Vimana stana. Which is most important for precise diagnosis of disease and treating the patients. 

In present article efforts have been made to elaborate the concept of Paratantra doshaprakopa and some references of Paratantra doshaprakopa from Charak Samhita.   

Aim  

To understand the concept of Paratantra dosha prakopa . 

Material and methods

  Charaka Samhita (classics of brihatrayi in Ayurveda) along with commentary by Chakrapani (Ayurvedadipika) were reffered for study.  

Review study   

Doshaprakopa occurs by two different ways that are Swatatra (Anubandhya) doshaprakop and Paratantra (Anubandha) doshaprakopa. 

Signs of Swatantra doshaprakopa (10)  

1. Swatantra doshaprakopa manifest its own symptoms independently (Swatantra)  

1. Has manifest symptoms as per text (Vyaktalingo) 

1. Etiological factors are same as described in the text (Yathokta samuthana) 

1. It can be cured by the therapies prescribed for that particular disease (Yathokta prasamo) 

Signs of Paratantra Doshaprakopa (10) 

1. It is depend on Swatantra doshaprakopa (Paratantra). 

1. It has no manifested symptoms (Avyaktalingo)   

1.  It doesn’t have its own Etiological factors (Aswahetu prakupita) 

1. It is cured by treating Swatantra doshaprakopa (Parachikitsa prashamaniya) 

When doshas having characters of Swatantra doshaprakopa combine all the three together that is called as Sannipata and or if combine two together that is Sansarga. As when vataprakopa is due to factors which possess qualities like Sheeta, laghu, ruksha, chala (as per text) it is considered as Swatantra vataprakopa, but when vataprakop is without such factors it is paratantra vataprakopa.  

Sr.No	Adhikarana	Swatantrado-sh prakopa	ParatantraDos-ha prakopa	Details	Referen-ces
1	Madhumeha hetu	Kapha	Vata	Here vataprakopa is not due to factors which possess rukshadi qualities   instead it is due to obstruction of vitiated kapha, so vataprakopa becomes paratantra.	Cha.Su. 17/78-80
2	Jeerneasniy-ata	-	Sarvadosha	mixing of new food with undigested food will vitiate all the dosha quickly, here vitiation of vata, pitta and kapha is not due to individual etiological factors as per text	Cha.Vi. 1/24 (4)
3	Amatravat ahara	-	Sarvadosha	vata, pitta, and kapha- in stomach are vitiated simultaneously due to their compression by all the excess food, so here vitiation of doshas is not due to individual etiological factors as per text	Cha. Vi. 2/7
4	Jwara chikitsa	Amadosha	Pitta	Symptoms of Pittaprakopa like santapa seen in jwara then also we are administrating swedana, ushna gunyukta peya and warm water because here pittaprakopa is paratantra.	Cha. Chi. 3/142 Cha. Chi. 3/143 Cha. Chi. 3/152 Cha. Chi. 3/194
5	Types of Raktapitta	Pitta	Kapha	When pittaj raktapitta is expressed via upperbody orifices it is aggravated with the help of partantyra kapha prakop	Cha.Chi. 4/12(Chakrapani Commentry)
6	Types of Raktapitta	Pitta	Vata	When pittaj raktapitta is expressed via lowerbody orifices it is aggrevated with the help of partantra vata prakop	Cha.Chi. 4/12(Chakrapani Commentry)
7	Raktapitta chikitsa	Amadosha	Pitta	often rakta and pitta are aggravated by amadosha, hence patients are managed with (langhana).	Cha. Chi. 4/29
8	Gulm samprapti	Vata	Kapha pitta	Here all etiological factors vitiate only vata but the pathogenesis has vitiatition of pitta and kapha also	Cha. Chi. 5/6
9	Prameha purvaroopa	Kapha	Vata and  Pitta	some prodermal symptoms like dryness of mouth, palate and throat and burning sensation in hands and feet are respectively due to paratantra vata and pitta prakopa.	Cha. Chi. 6/14
10	Pittaja Kustha lakshana	Pitta	Kapha and Vata	pittapradhana udumber kustha shows symptoms like pruritis (kandu- due to paratantra kapha prakopa and pain (ruja – due to paratantra vataprakopa).	Cha. Chi. 7/15
11	Mandala Kustha Lakshana	Kapha	Pitta	kaphapradhan mandal kusta shows symptoms like redness at site of lesion due to patatantra pittaprakopa	Cha. Chi. 7/16
12	Sahasajanya Rajayakshma	Vata	Kaphapitta	these etiological factors of rajayakshma vitiates vata dosha, these vata dosha vitiates other two pitta and kapha dosha	Cha. Chi. 8/15,  Cha. Chi. 8/21,  Cha. Chi. 8/25
13	Vegsandharanjanya Rajayakshma
14	Kshayajanya Rajayakshma
15	Vataja udar samprapti	Vata	Kapha	Here all etiological factors vitiates only vata but in the pathogenesis has vitiatition of kapha also	Cha. Chi. 13/24
16	Pittaja udar samprapti	Pitta	Vata and kapha	Here all etiological factors vitiates only pitta but in the pathogenesis has vitiatition of vata and kapha also	Cha. Chi. 13/27
17	Panduroga purvaroopa	Pitta	Vata	palpatations, dryness and fatigue are due to vitiation of vata whereas pandu roga is predominantly due to vitiation of pitta	Cha. Chi. 16/12
18	Panduroga lakshana	Pitta	Vata	Tinnitus, dislikes for cold things these are due to vitiation of vata whereas pandu roga is predominantly due to vitiation of pitta	Cha. Chi.16/13-16
19	Rudhhapatha kamala	Kapha	Pitta	Here pitta is vitiated due to obstruction created by kapha	Cha. Chi. 16/125
20	Vataja visarpa	Obstructive	Vata	Sometimes vitiation of Vata is due to obstructive pathology	Cha. Chi.21/29
21	Urstambha samprapti	Ama dosha	Tridosha	Here vitiation of vata, pitta and kapha is not due to individual etiological factors as per text but due to aamdosha	Cha. Chi.27/11
22	Arajaska yonivyapada	Pitta	Vata	Here main pathology is due to vitiation of pitta but karshya symptom is due to vitiation of vata.	Cha. Chi.30/17

Discussion  

Viman sthana of Charak Samhita is specialy designed to discuss special concepts useful in treating diseases. The concept of Swatantra and paratantra doshaprakopa is also described by Acharya charaka for same purpose. While reading Charak Samhita we can understand the pathogenesis by studying relation between hetu, lakshana and treatment easily when there is Swatantra doshaprakopa. But sometimes we don’t get the relation between these factors, because here Paratantra doshaprakopa may have played a role. In such condition if we apply concept of Paratantra doshaprakopa we can understand relation between factors and treat the condition precisely. 

Understanding of Paratantra doshaprakopa becomes important because many times we can wrongly diagnose the disease on the basis of only manifesting symptoms and treat accordingly. But treatment modality may be exactaly opposite for Swatantra and Paratantra doshaprokopa hence given treatment may aggravate symptoms instead of resolving them as explained in Rudhhapatha kamala.  

Now a days most of the disorders are not curable by any other pathy can be looked through the perspective of paratantra doshaprakopa by analysis of etiological factors and their qualities and treat them successfully. 

Conclusion:  

As per Ayurvedic context treatment of disease is nothing but getting the vitiated doshas at their normalcy. Doshaprakopa occurs by two different ways that is Swatantra doshprakopa or Paratantra doshaprakopa so treatment protocol changes with it. Hence the concept of Swatantra and Paratantra doshaprakopa is important to successfully treating the disease which are described in Ayurvedic Samhitas and as well as modern disease which are anukta. 

*PG Scholar, Dept. of Kayachikitsa, Government Ayurved College, Nanded, Maharashtra,  

**Assistant Professor, Dept of Kayachikitsa, Government Ayurved College 

***Professor and HoD, Dept. of Kayachikitsa, Government Ayurved College 

References: 

1. Charaka Samhita,Yadavaji Trikamaji sutrastana30/26, Edition 2013, chowkhambha surbharati prakashana, Varanasi page no.187 

2. Charaka Samhita,Yadavaji Trikamaji sutrastana 20/8, Edition 2013, chowkhambha surbharati prakashana, Varanasi page no.113 

3. Sartha Vagbhata, Garde Ganesha, Sutrastana adhyaya, 12/34 Edition 2011, chowmbha surbharati prakashana, Varanasi page no.54  

4. Charaka Samhita,Yadavaji Trikamaji sutrastana 20/20, Edition 2013, chowkhambha surbharati prakashana, Varanasi page no.115 

5. Charaka Samhita,Yadavaji Trikamaji sutrastana 15/5, Edition 2013, chowkhambha surbharati prakashana, Varanasi page no.93 

6. Charaka Samhita,Yadavaji Trikamaji sutrastana 16/34, Edition 2013, chowkhambha surbharati prakashana, Varanasi page no.98 

7. Charaka Samhita,Yadavaji Trikamaji sutrastana 1/44, Edition 2013, chowkhambha surbharati prakashana, Varanasi page no. 9 

8. Charaka Samhita,Yadavaji Trikamaji chikitsastana 16/124, Edition 2013, chowkhambha surbharati prakashana, Varanasi page no.532 

9. Charaka Samhita,Yadavaji Trikamaji chikitsastana 16/124, Edition 2013, chowkhambha surbharati prakashana, Varanasi page no.532 

10. Charaka Samhita,Yadavaji Trikamaji Vimanasthana 6/11, Edition 2013, chowkhambha surbharati prakashana, Varanasi page no.254

 

 

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